Measuring the Link Between Vaccines and Antimicrobial Resistance in Low Resource Settings – Limitations and Opportunities in Direct and Indirect Assessments and Implications for Impact Studies

The importance of vaccines in combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is commonly accepted. Although scientific reasoning supports the putative connection between and reduction AMR, reliably measuring magnitude effect on inherently challenging, especially low resource settings. We review intrinsic challenges estimating AMR discuss limitations opportunities current methods from host, pathogen, environment perspectives. highlight advantages pitfalls different epidemiological study designs with a specific focus impact studies settings suggest how these perspectives could be considered future research.